What role do vitamins play in metabolism?

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Vitamins play a critical role in metabolism primarily by acting as coenzymes or cofactors for various biochemical reactions. In this capacity, they assist enzymes in facilitating metabolism processes, such as breaking down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into usable forms of energy. Many vitamins are crucial for the functioning of enzymes that participate in energy production pathways, including the Krebs cycle and glycolysis.

For example, B vitamins, including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and others, are essential for the conversion of macronutrients into energy, as they are involved in the formation of coenzymes required for metabolic reactions. This underscores the importance of vitamins in the overall process of metabolism, rather than just serving as energy sources or being byproducts. They do not convert calories into energy themselves but support the enzymatic processes that achieve this transformation, highlighting their role as building blocks necessary for optimal metabolic function.